Lactulose and Metabolic encephalopathy - a phase IV clinical study of FDA data

• Lactulose (40,907 reports)

• Abdominal discomfort: 272 reports
• Abdominal distension: 748 reports
• Abdominal pain: 1,515 reports
• Abdominal pain lower: 133 reports
• Abdominal pain upper: 643 reports
• Abdominal tenderness: 184 reports
• Abnormal behavior: 143 reports
• Acute hepatic failure: 107 reports
• Acute kidney failure: 962 reports
• Acute myocardial infarction (acute heart attack): 129 reports
• Acute respiratory failure: 142 reports
• Aggression: 168 reports
• Agitation (state of anxiety or nervous excitement): 466 reports
• Agranulocytosis (a deficiency of granulocytes in the blood, causing increased vulnerability to infection): 923 reports
• Alanine aminotransferase increased: 414 reports
• Ammonia increased: 686 reports
• Anaemia (lack of blood): 1,496 reports
• Anaphylaxis (serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death): 161 reports
• Anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable): 145 reports
• Anorexia (eating disorder characterized by immoderate food restriction and irrational fear of gaining weight): 140 reports
• Appetite - decreased (decreased appetite occurs when you have a reduced desire to eat): 1,076 reports
• Arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat): 609 reports
• Arthritis (form of joint disorder that involves inflammation of one or more joints): 163 reports
• Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity): 693 reports
• Aseptic necrosis (the death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply): 114 reports
• Aspartate aminotransferase increased: 330 reports
• Asthma: 315 reports
• Atelectasis (partial or complete collapse of the lung): 230 reports
• Atrial fibrillation/flutter (atrial fibrillation and flutter are abnormal heart rhythms in which the atria, or upper chambers of the heart, are out of sync with the ventricles): 466 reports
• Back pain: 952 reports
• Balance disorder: 1,054 reports
• Bleeding disorders: 146 reports
• Bleeding into the skin: 112 reports
• Blister (small pocket of fluid within the upper layers of the skin caused by forceful rubbing (friction), burning, freezing, chemical exposure): 260 reports
• Blood albumin decreased: 182 reports
• Blood alkaline phosphatase increased: 244 reports
• Blood bilirubin increased: 553 reports
• Blood calcium decreased: 647 reports
• Blood creatine phosphokinase increased: 179 reports
• Blood creatinine increased: 528 reports
• Blood glucose decreased: 117 reports
• Blood glucose increased: 367 reports
• Blood potassium decreased: 209 reports
• Blood pressure fluctuation: 111 reports
• Blood sodium decreased: 221 reports
• Blood urea increased: 272 reports
• Body temperature increased: 112 reports
• Bone disorder: 192 reports
• Bone lesion (bone with abnormalities. bone lesions can result from growth formations, infections, or injuries): 106 reports
• Bone pain: 221 reports
• Bradycardia (abnormally slow heart action): 409 reports
• Breathing difficulty: 2,156 reports
• Bronchitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane in the bronchial tubes): 313 reports
• Burning sensation: 106 reports
• Cardiac arrest: 466 reports
• Cardiac disorder: 142 reports
• Cardiac failure: 387 reports
• Cardiac failure congestive: 407 reports
• Cardiac murmur (an heart sound in valve abnormality): 150 reports
• Cardio-respiratory arrest (sudden dysfunction of heart and lungs): 200 reports
• Cataract (clouding of the lens inside the eye): 181 reports
• Cellulitis (infection under the skin): 435 reports
• Cerebral haemorrhage (bleeding within the brain): 132 reports
• Cerebral infarction (less blood supply to brain resulting tissue damage): 102 reports
• Chest pain: 1,077 reports
• Chills (felling of cold): 377 reports
• Cholestasis (a condition where bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum): 117 reports
• Chronic kidney disease: 499 reports
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe): 338 reports
• Circulatory collapse: 132 reports
• Clostridium difficile colitis (inflammation of colon by clostridium difficile bacteria infection): 103 reports
• Cognitive disorder (mental health disorders affects learning, memory, perception, and problem solving): 832 reports
• Colitis (inflammation of colon): 159 reports
• Confusion: 414 reports
• Confusional state: 1,723 reports
• Consciousness - decreased: 231 reports
• Constipation: 2,945 reports
• Convulsion (muscles contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly, resulting in an uncontrolled shaking of the body): 307 reports
• Coronary heart disease (narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries): 120 reports
• Cough: 983 reports
• Coughing up blood: 187 reports
• C-reactive protein increased: 269 reports
• Creatinine renal clearance decreased: 564 reports
• Death: 1,931 reports
• Deep venous thrombosis (blood clot in a major vein that usually develops in the legs and/or pelvis): 357 reports
• Dehydration (dryness resulting from the removal of water): 1,163 reports
• Delirium (wild excitement): 306 reports
• Dementia (madness): 226 reports
• Depressed level of consciousness: 806 reports
• Depressed mood: 268 reports
• Depression: 727 reports
• Dermatitis (inflammation of the skin resulting from direct irritation by an external agent or an allergic reaction to it): 171 reports
• Diabetes: 231 reports
• Diarrhea: 2,032 reports
• Disease progression: 449 reports
• Disturbance in attention: 170 reports
• Dizziness: 1,431 reports
• Drowsiness: 859 reports
• Drug dependence: 119 reports
• Drug exposure during pregnancy: 124 reports
• Drug hypersensitivity: 243 reports
• Drug ineffective: 1,010 reports
• Drug intolerance (drug sensitivity): 167 reports
• Drug toxicity: 132 reports
• Drug withdrawal syndrome (interfere with normal social, occupational, or other functioning. are not due to another medical condition, drug use, or discontinuation): 106 reports
• Dry mouth: 261 reports
• Dry skin: 139 reports
• Dyskinesia (abnormality or impairment of voluntary movement): 258 reports
• Dyspnea exertional: 286 reports
• Dysstasia (difficulty in standing): 111 reports
• Ejection fraction decreased (systolic heart failure): 122 reports
• Electrocardiogram qt prolonged: 205 reports
• Electrolyte imbalance: 102 reports
• Emotional distress: 242 reports
• Encephalopathy (functioning of the brain is affected by some agent or condition): 409 reports
• Enlarged heart: 195 reports
• Epilepsy (common and diverse set of chronic neurological disorders characterized by seizures): 137 reports
• Erythema multiforme (a type of hypersensitivity reaction): 458 reports
• Exostosis (formation of new bone on the surface of a bone): 109 reports
• Faecaloma (hard mass of fecal matter): 177 reports
• Faeces discolored: 122 reports
• Failure to thrive (inadequate weight gain and physical growth in children): 104 reports
• Fainting (loss of consciousness and postural tone): 559 reports
• Fall: 2,586 reports
• Fatigue (feeling of tiredness): 2,515 reports
• Febrile neutropenia (fever with reduced white blood cells): 541 reports
• Fever: 1,953 reports
• Flank pain (a distressing sensation experienced around the lower back and the upper abdomen): 129 reports
• Flatulence (flatus expelled through the anus): 212 reports
• Fluid overload (too much fluid in the blood): 192 reports
• Fluid retention (an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the blood): 234 reports
• Fungal infection: 106 reports
• Gait disturbance: 625 reports
• Gallstones (stone formation by bile component): 368 reports
• Gamma-glutamyltransferase increased: 222 reports
• Gastric ulcer (stomach ulcer): 296 reports
• Gastritis (inflammation of stomach): 239 reports
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (a condition in which stomach contents leak backward from the stomach into the oesophagus): 407 reports
• Gastrointestinal disorder (functional problems of gastrointestinal tract): 192 reports
• Gastrointestinal haemorrhage (bleeding gastrointestinal tract): 595 reports
• Gastrointestinal perforation (hole in the digestive tract): 106 reports
• General physical health deterioration (weak health status): 950 reports
• Haematemesis (vomiting of blood): 441 reports
• Haematochezia (passage of stools containing blood): 217 reports
• Haematocrit decreased: 272 reports
• Haematoma (collection of blood outside the blood vessels): 174 reports
• Haematuria (presence of blood in urine): 211 reports
• Haemoglobin decreased: 1,017 reports
• Haemorrhage (bleeding): 313 reports
• Haemorrhoids (a swollen vein or group of veins in the region of the anus): 220 reports
• Hair loss: 252 reports
• Hallucinations (sensations that appear real but are created by your mind): 375 reports
• Hallucination, visual (seeing things that aren't there): 122 reports
• Headache (pain in head): 1,429 reports
• Head injury: 515 reports
• Heart attack: 416 reports
• Heart palpitations (feelings or sensations that your heart is pounding or racing): 310 reports
• Heart rate increased: 225 reports
• Hepatic cirrhosis (chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis, scar tissue): 607 reports
• Hepatic encephalopathy (spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities in patients with liver failure): 977 reports
• Hepatic enzyme increased: 238 reports
• Hepatic failure (liver failure): 660 reports
• Hepatic steatosis (fatty liver disease): 150 reports
• Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver): 160 reports
• Hepatitis c: 131 reports
• Hepatomegaly (abnormal enlargement of the liver): 137 reports
• Hepatotoxicity (chemical-driven liver damage): 199 reports
• Hernia (hernia happens when part of an internal organ or tissue bulges through a weak area of muscle): 137 reports
• Herpes zoster: 164 reports
• Hiatal hernia (hernia resulting from the protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm): 217 reports
• High blood cholesterol: 175 reports
• High blood pressure: 1,075 reports
• Hip fracture: 126 reports
• Hoarseness or changing voice: 132 reports
• Hospitalisation: 406 reports
• Hot flush (sudden feelings of heat): 150 reports
• Hyperammonaemia: 115 reports
• Hyperbilirubinaemia (excess of bilirubin in the blood): 114 reports
• Hypercalcaemia (elevated calcium (ca+) level in the blood): 115 reports
• Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar): 274 reports
• Hyperhidrosis (abnormally increased sweating): 386 reports
• Hyperkalemia (damage to or disease of the kidney): 583 reports
• Hyperlipidaemia (presence of excess lipids in the blood): 103 reports
• Hypersensitivity: 247 reports
• Hypoaesthesia (reduced sense of touch or sensation): 422 reports
• Hypocalcaemia (levels of calcium in blood serum are abnormally low): 127 reports
• Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar): 240 reports
• Hypokalemia (low potassium): 547 reports
• Hypomagnesaemia (electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally low level of magnesium in the blood): 162 reports
• Hyponatremia (abnormally low level of sodium in the blood; associated with dehydration): 807 reports
• Hypophagia (reduced food intake): 257 reports
• Hypotension (abnormally low blood pressure): 2,044 reports
• Hypothermia (body temperature drops below the required temperature for normal metabolism and body functions): 122 reports
• Hypothyroidism (abnormally low activity of the thyroid gland, resulting in retardation of growth and mental development): 148 reports
• Impaired healing: 141 reports
• Incontinence (lack of moderation or self-control): 121 reports
• Indigestion: 322 reports
• Infection: 525 reports
• Inflammation: 112 reports
• Influenza like illness: 167 reports
• Injury: 366 reports
• Insomnia (sleeplessness): 762 reports
• International normalised ratio increased: 277 reports
• Interstitial lung disease: 124 reports
• Intervertebral disc protrusion (spinal disc protrusion): 153 reports
• Intestinal obstruction: 435 reports
• Iron deficiency anaemia: 173 reports
• Irritability: 140 reports
• Itching: 655 reports
• Jaundice - yellow skin (a yellowish pigmentation of the skin): 311 reports
• Joint pain: 843 reports
• Joint swelling: 256 reports
• Kidney stones: 171 reports
• Lactic acidosis (low ph in body tissues): 195 reports
• Leukocytosis (increased white blood cells): 134 reports
• Leukopenia (less number of white blood cells in blood): 308 reports
• Liver disorder (liver diseases): 288 reports
• Loss of consciousness: 558 reports
• Lower respiratory tract infection: 437 reports
• Lung disorder (lung disease): 144 reports
• Lung infection: 136 reports
• Lung infiltration (a substance that normally includes fluid, inflammatory exudates or cells that fill a region of lung): 123 reports
• Lung neoplasm malignant (cancer tumour of lung): 118 reports
• Lymph follicular hypertrophy (an increase in the size of the lymph node follicles): 127 reports
• Lymphocyte count decreased: 155 reports
• Malaise (a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness): 1,473 reports
• Malignant neoplasm progression (cancer tumour came back): 367 reports
• Malnutrition (condition that results from eating a diet in which certain nutrients are lacking): 138 reports
• Melaena (the passage of black, tarry stools): 289 reports
• Memory loss: 620 reports
• Mental impairment (a condition affecting the body, perhaps through sight or hearing loss, a mobility difficulty or a health condition): 150 reports
• Mental status changes (general changes in brain function, such as confusion, amnesia (memory loss), loss of alertness, loss of orientation): 334 reports
• Metabolic acidosis (body produces too much acid, or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body): 158 reports
• Metastases to bone (cancer spreads to bone): 144 reports
• Metastases to liver (cancer spreads to liver): 106 reports
• Metastases to lung (cancer spreads to lung): 104 reports
• Migraine (headache): 125 reports
• Mitral valve incompetence (inefficient heart valve): 108 reports
• Mobility decreased (ability to move is reduced): 788 reports
• Mouth ulcers: 196 reports
• Movement - uncoordinated: 109 reports
• Mucosal inflammation (infection of mucous membrane): 281 reports
• Multi-organ failure (multisystem organ failure): 242 reports
• Multiple myeloma (cancer of the plasma cells): 245 reports
• Muscle aches (muscle pain): 343 reports
• Muscle spasms (muscle contraction): 545 reports
• Musculoskeletal pain (pain affects the bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and nerves): 198 reports
• Musculoskeletal stiffness (stiffness of the body's muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves): 224 reports
• Myocardial ischaemia (the blood flow through one or more of the blood vessels that lead to heart (coronary arteries) is decreased): 120 reports
• Nasal congestion (blockage of the nasal passages usually due to membranes lining the nose becoming swollen from inflamed blood vessels): 153 reports
• Nasopharyngitis (inflammation of the nasopharynx): 301 reports
• Nausea (feeling of having an urge to vomit): 2,834 reports
• Nausea and vomiting: 2,131 reports
• Neck pain: 212 reports
• Neoplasm malignant (cancer tumour): 156 reports
• Nervousness: 109 reports
• Neuralgia (pain in one or more nerves): 166 reports
• Neuropathy peripheral (surface nerve damage): 400 reports
• Neutropenic sepsis (whole body infection is caused by a condition in which the number of white blood cells (called neutrophils) in the blood is low. neutrophils help the body to fight infection): 241 reports
• Neutrophil count decreased (less than normal number of neutrophil a type of blood cell): 250 reports
• Neutrophil count increased (excess than normal number of neutrophil a type of blood cell): 248 reports
• Night sweats (sweating in night): 114 reports
• Nosebleed (bleeding from nose): 394 reports
• Oedema (fluid collection in tissue): 406 reports
• Oedema peripheral (superficial swelling): 914 reports
• Oesophageal varices haemorrhage (bleeding from extremely dilated sub-mucosal veins in the lower third of the oesophagus): 110 reports
• Oesophagitis (inflammation of oesophagus): 163 reports
• Oral candidiasis (fungal infection of mouth): 111 reports
• Oral pain: 156 reports
• Oropharyngeal pain: 152 reports
• Orthostatic hypotension (a medical condition consisting of a sudden decrease in blood pressure when a person stands up): 849 reports
• Osteoarthritis (a joint disease caused by cartilage loss in a joint): 275 reports
• Osteomyelitis (infection of bone): 138 reports
• Osteonecrosis of jaw (death of bone of jaw): 241 reports
• Osteopenia (a condition where bone mineral density is lower than normal): 124 reports
• Osteoporosis (bones weak and more likely to break): 191 reports
• Overdose: 327 reports
• Oxygen saturation decreased: 286 reports
• Pain: 2,052 reports
• Pain in extremity: 798 reports
• Pain in jaw: 217 reports
• Paleness (unusual lightness of skin colour): 141 reports
• Pancreatitis (inflammation of pancreas): 245 reports
• Pancreatitis acute (sudden inflammation of pancreas): 132 reports
• Pancytopenia (medical condition in which there is a reduction in the number of red and white blood cells, as well as platelets): 440 reports
• Paraesthesia (sensation of tingling, tickling, prickling, pricking, or burning of a person's skin with no apparent long-term physical effect): 415 reports
• Parkinson's disease: 234 reports
• Pericardial effusion (fluid around the heart): 124 reports
• Peripheral swelling: 314 reports
• Peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum, the thin tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers most of the abdominal organs): 186 reports
• Peritonitis bacterial (inflammation of the peritoneum, the thin tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers most of the abdominal organs by bacterial): 138 reports
• Pleural effusion (water on the lungs): 680 reports
• Pneumonia: 2,137 reports
• Pneumonia aspiration (bronchopneumonia that develops due to the entrance of foreign materials into the bronchial tree): 222 reports
• Pollakiuria (abnormally frequent passage of relatively small quantities or urine): 139 reports
• Portal hypertension (increase in the blood pressure within a system of veins called the portal venous system): 112 reports
• Premature baby: 111 reports
• Pressure ulcer: 109 reports
• Presyncope: 101 reports
• Productive cough: 295 reports
• Psychotic disorder: 253 reports
• Pulmonary congestion (congestion in the lungs): 107 reports
• Pulmonary embolism (blockage of the main artery of the lung): 476 reports
• Pulmonary hypertension (increase in blood pressure in the lung artery): 184 reports
• Pulmonary oedema (fluid accumulation in the lungs): 392 reports
• Rash erythematous (redness of the skin): 185 reports
• Rashes (redness): 1,206 reports
• Rash maculo-papular (red area on the skin that is covered with small confluent bumps): 104 reports
• Rash pruritic (redness with itching): 172 reports
• Rectal haemorrhage (bleeding from anus): 333 reports
• Red blood cell count decreased: 198 reports
• Renal cyst (kidney cyst): 102 reports
• Renal disorder (kidney disease): 178 reports
• Renal failure acute (rapid kidney dysfunction): 632 reports
• Renal failure chronic (long lasting kidney dysfunction): 182 reports
• Renal impairment (severely reduced kidney function): 433 reports
• Renal injury (kidney injury): 125 reports
• Renal tubular necrosis (death of kidney tubules): 101 reports
• Respiratory acidosis (respiratory failure or ventilatory failure, causes the ph of blood and other bodily fluids to decrease): 485 reports
• Respiratory distress (difficulty in breathing): 226 reports
• Rhabdomyolysis (a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle tissue breaks down): 227 reports
• Rheumatoid arthritis (a chronic progressive disease causing inflammation in the joints): 113 reports
• Rib fracture: 171 reports
• Schizophrenia (a mental disorder characterized by a breakdown of thought processes): 147 reports
• Sedation: 765 reports
• Seizures (abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain): 449 reports
• Sepsis (a severe blood infection that can lead to organ failure and death): 1,147 reports
• Septic shock (shock due to blood infection): 310 reports
• Shock (a life-threatening condition with symptoms like low blood pressure, weakness, shallow breathing, cold, clammy skin): 112 reports
• Sinusitis (inflammation of sinus): 224 reports
• Sinus tachycardia (a heart rhythm with elevated rate of impulses originating from the sinoatrial node): 241 reports
• Skin blushing/flushing (a sudden reddening of the face, neck): 145 reports
• Skin discoloration: 120 reports
• Skin disorder (skin disease): 169 reports
• Skin ulcer: 124 reports
• Sleep apnea syndrome: 128 reports
• Sleep disorder: 274 reports
• Small intestinal obstruction (blockage in small intestine): 147 reports
• Speech disorder: 225 reports
• Speech impairment (adult) (inability to speak (adult)): 397 reports
• Spinal compression fracture (fracture due to spinal compression on bone): 111 reports
• Spinal osteoarthritis (joint cartilage loss in spine): 141 reports
• Splenomegaly (enlargement of spleen): 155 reports
• Sputum discolored: 103 reports
• Stable angina (a constant chest pain): 195 reports
• Staphylococcal infection (an infection with staphylococcus bacteria): 245 reports
• Stomatitis (inflammation of mucous membrane of mouth): 280 reports
• Stress and anxiety: 1,037 reports
• Stroke (sudden death of a portion of the brain cells due to a lack of oxygen): 389 reports
• Suicidal ideation: 125 reports
• Surgery: 109 reports
• Swallowing difficulty: 614 reports
• Swelling: 252 reports
• Swelling face: 226 reports
• Taste - impaired: 129 reports
• The flu (the flu is caused by an influenza virus): 255 reports
• Thrombocytopenia (decrease of platelets in blood): 1,577 reports
• Thrombosis (formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel): 192 reports
• Transient ischaemic attack (a transient episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by ischemia (loss of blood flow)): 134 reports
• Tremor (trembling or shaking movements in one or more parts of your body): 650 reports
• Type 2 diabetes: 134 reports
• Unresponsive to stimuli: 237 reports
• Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (upper gastrointestinal bleeding): 202 reports
• Upper respiratory tract infection: 293 reports
• Urinary incontinence (inability to control the flow of urine and involuntary urination): 249 reports
• Urinary retention (the inability to completely or partially empty the bladder): 330 reports
• Urinary tract infection: 1,298 reports
• Urination - painful: 196 reports
• Urticaria (rash of round, red welts on the skin that itch intensely): 211 reports
• Varices oesophageal (enlarged and swollen veins at the bottom of the oesophagus, near the stomach): 144 reports
• Ventricular tachycardia (rapid heartbeat that originates in one of the lower chambers (the ventricles) of the heart): 116 reports
• Vision blurred: 293 reports
• Visual impairment: 146 reports
• Weakness: 2,048 reports
• Weight decreased: 1,186 reports
• Weight increased: 527 reports
• Wheezing (a high-pitched whistling sound made while you breath): 296 reports
• White blood cell count decreased: 492 reports
• White blood cell count increased: 442 reports

• Metabolic encephalopathy (3,063 reports)

• Allopurinol: 104 reports
• Amlodipine: 140 reports
• Aspirin: 306 reports
• Baclofen: 134 reports
• Furosemide: 176 reports
• Gabapentin: 172 reports
• Lasix: 217 reports
• Lisinopril: 138 reports
• Loraz: 150 reports
• Lorazepam: 150 reports
• Metformin: 188 reports
• Morphine: 134 reports
• Neurontin: 132 reports
• Omeprazole: 133 reports
• Oxycodone: 113 reports
• Pantoprazole: 134 reports
• Prednisone: 183 reports
• Protonix: 118 reports
• Tramadol: 141 reports
• Tylenol: 126 reports

All the drugs that are associated with Metabolic encephalopathy:

• Metabolic encephalopathy (978 drugs)

All the conditions that are associated with Metabolic encephalopathy:

• Metabolic encephalopathy (551 conditions)

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